The theme of so-called conflicts of loyalties, the dilemmas rooted in the consciousness of cives-fideles at once recipients of conflicting state and religious norms and duties, is certainly not new. These conflicts, however, have taken on new identity traits in contemporary societies, overcoming the outdated traditional paradigm based on the existence of the two different personalities of homo religiosus and homo politicus fighting against each other. Nowadays, in the liquid and post-secular society, it seems impossible to imagine such a clear-cut division between fields of human action, and the new ways of religiosity have shown that they can structure personal identity in a totalizing way, or in no way at all, depending upon the individual choice of the subject. This unprecedented scenario poses significant issues for both civil and religious authorities, as well as for their respective legal systems. Indeed, the issues of belonging, obedience and respect for religious precepts, fidelity to state values, conscientious objection, and relations between legal systems are increasingly central, with tangible consequences for individuals and religious groups worthy of specific investigations. This panel intends to reflect upon this topic from a legal perspective in an interdisciplinary way, with scholarly contributions in Law & Religion, Constitutional Law, and Comparative Public Law, ultimately aiming at reconstructing a systemic framework and suggesting new answers. Chair: Daniela Milani (Università di Milano)Speakers:Luca Paolo Vanoni (Università di Milano), Religious Freedom in Polarized Society: Pluralism vs. Identity Politics Alessandro Negri (Università di Milano-Bicocca), Conflicts of Loyalty in Contemporary Societies: Individual and Collective Identity and the Role of Agreements between State and Religious Denominations Giada Ragone (Università di Milano), Freedom of (religious) assembly in times of pandemic emergency: collective liberties v. community rights Marco Galimberti (Edinburgh Napier University), Proportionality and closure of places of worship during Covid-19 Benedetta Vimercati (Università di Milano), Forum internum and forum externum. The right to conscientious objection within the Italian legal system Tania Pagotto (Università di Milano-Bicocca), Bioethics, Christianity, and the law. Balancing the right to conscientious objection with the access to interruption of pregnancy in Italy Maria Elena Gennusa (Università di Pavia), Reasonable accommodation for religious beliefs: In search of an appropriate reasonableness test