Canon 23 of the II council of Lyons, Religionem diversitatem nimiam, confirmed that, despite the provisions of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), there had arisen an effrenata quasi multitudo of orders that were precipue mendicantium, some of which lacked papal approval. The council thus imposed a ban on any new ordinem aut religionem and the suppression of those that had arisen after Lateran IV without receiving confirmation from the Apostolic See. The Council of Lyons also took drastic and definitive decisions concerning all orders that incorporated a prohibition on income or possessions in their religious vows or in their rules and who maintained themselves by means of an incerta mendicitas practiced through the public collection of alms. The sole exceptions were to be the Friars Minor and Friars Preachers, on account of their “evident utility” to the Universal Church, and the Carmelites and the Hermits of Saint Augustine, who claimed to have been instituted before Lateran IV. In brief, one may therefore argue that it was the Second Council of Lyons that definitively established the so-called “mendicant paradigm”, overcoming the notion of Ordines in paupertate fundati used in the preceding years and providing a unitary and partially acceptable frame for the numerous experiences of mendicancy that appeared in various, substantially differing forms. This panel aims at analysing some particular cases and issues linked to the label “unconventionally mendicant” and its context. Chair: Frances Andrews (University of St Andrews)Speakers:Emanuele Carletti (Università Roma Tre), Adapt to survive: mutations, compromises and conflicts in the Servants of Mary (1274-1314) Emanuela Rava (University of St Andrews / Royal Historical Society), Unconventionally mendicant? Hermits and Recluses in the CityIsabella Gagliardi (Università di Firenze), Apostolic clerics without the priesthood: the Jesuat institute and the Mendicant formula (15th-17th Cent.)